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name: htmx-expert description: This skill should be used when users need help with htmx development, including implementing AJAX interactions, understanding htmx attributes (hx-get, hx-post, hx-swap, hx-target, hx-trigger), debugging htmx behavior, building hypermedia-driven applications, or following htmx best practices. Use when users ask about htmx patterns, server-side HTML responses, or transitioning from SPA frameworks to htmx. (user)

htmx Expert

This skill provides comprehensive guidance for htmx development, the library that extends HTML to access modern browser features directly without JavaScript.

Core Philosophy

htmx represents a paradigm shift toward hypermedia-first web development. Instead of treating HTML as a presentation layer with JSON APIs, htmx extends HTML to handle AJAX requests, CSS transitions, WebSockets, and Server-Sent Events directly. Servers respond with HTML fragments, not JSON.

When to Use This Skill

• Implementing htmx attributes and interactions
• Building hypermedia-driven applications
• Debugging htmx request/response cycles
• Converting SPA patterns to htmx approaches
• Understanding htmx events and lifecycle
• Configuring htmx extensions
• Implementing proper security measures

Core Attributes Reference

HTTP Verb Attributes

Attribute	Purpose	Default Trigger
hx-get	Issue GET request	click
hx-post	Issue POST request	click (form: submit)
hx-put	Issue PUT request	click
hx-patch	Issue PATCH request	click
hx-delete	Issue DELETE request	click

Request Control

• hx-trigger: Customize when requests fire

  • Modifiers: changed, delay:Xms, throttle:Xms, once
  • Special triggers: load, revealed, every Xs
  • Extended: from:<selector>, target:<selector>

• hx-include: Include additional element values in request

• hx-params: Filter which parameters to send (*, none, not <param>, <param>)

• hx-headers: Add custom headers (JSON format)

• hx-vals: Add values to request (JSON format)

• hx-encoding: Set encoding (multipart/form-data for file uploads)

Response Handling

• hx-target: Where to place response content

  • Extended selectors: this, closest <sel>, next <sel>, previous <sel>, find <sel>

• hx-swap: How to insert content

  • innerHTML (default), outerHTML, beforebegin, afterbegin, beforeend, afterend, delete, none
  • Modifiers: swap:Xms, settle:Xms, scroll:top, show:top

• hx-select: Select subset of response to swap

• hx-select-oob: Select elements for out-of-band swaps

State Management

• hx-push-url: Push URL to browser history
• hx-replace-url: Replace current URL in history
• hx-history: Control history snapshot behavior
• hx-history-elt: Specify element to snapshot

UI Indicators

• hx-indicator: Element to show during request (add htmx-indicator class)
• hx-disabled-elt: Elements to disable during request

Security & Control

• hx-confirm: Show confirmation dialog before request
• hx-validate: Enable HTML5 validation on non-form elements
• hx-disable: Disable htmx processing on element and descendants
• hx-sync: Coordinate requests between elements

Implementation Patterns

Basic AJAX Pattern

<button hx-get="/api/data"
        hx-target="#result"
        hx-swap="innerHTML">
  Load Data
</button>
<div id="result"></div>

Active Search

<input type="search"
       name="q"
       hx-get="/search"
       hx-trigger="keyup changed delay:300ms"
       hx-target="#search-results">
<div id="search-results"></div>

Infinite Scroll

<div hx-get="/items?page=2"
     hx-trigger="revealed"
     hx-swap="afterend">
  Loading more...
</div>

Polling

<div hx-get="/status"
     hx-trigger="every 5s"
     hx-swap="innerHTML">
  Status: Unknown
</div>

Form Submission

<form hx-post="/submit"
      hx-target="#response"
      hx-swap="outerHTML">
  <input name="email" type="email" required>
  <button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

Out-of-Band Updates

Server response can update multiple elements:

<!-- Main response -->
<div id="main-content">Updated content</div>

<!-- OOB updates -->
<div id="notification" hx-swap-oob="true">New notification!</div>
<span id="counter" hx-swap-oob="true">42</span>

Loading Indicators

<button hx-get="/slow-endpoint"
        hx-indicator="#spinner">
  Load
</button>
<img id="spinner" class="htmx-indicator" src="/spinner.gif">

CSS for indicators:

.htmx-indicator {
  opacity: 0;
  transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;
}
.htmx-request .htmx-indicator {
  opacity: 1;
}

Server Response Patterns

Return HTML Fragments

Server endpoints return HTML, not JSON:

# Flask example
@app.route('/search')
def search():
    q = request.args.get('q', '')
    results = search_database(q)
    return render_template('_search_results.html', results=results)

Response Headers

htmx recognizes special headers:

Header	Purpose
HX-Location	Client-side redirect (with context)
HX-Push-Url	Push URL to history
HX-Redirect	Full page redirect
HX-Refresh	Refresh the page
HX-Reswap	Override hx-swap value
HX-Retarget	Override hx-target value
HX-Trigger	Trigger client-side events
HX-Trigger-After-Settle	Trigger after settle
HX-Trigger-After-Swap	Trigger after swap

Detect htmx Requests

Check HX-Request header to differentiate htmx from regular requests:

if request.headers.get('HX-Request'):
    return render_template('_partial.html')
else:
    return render_template('full_page.html')

Events

Key Events

Event	When Fired
htmx:load	Element loaded into DOM
htmx:configRequest	Before request sent (modify params/headers)
htmx:beforeRequest	Before AJAX request
htmx:afterRequest	After AJAX request completes
htmx:beforeSwap	Before content swap
htmx:afterSwap	After content swap
htmx:afterSettle	After DOM settles
htmx:confirm	Before confirmation dialog
htmx:validation:validate	Custom validation hook

Event Handling

Using hx-on*:

<button hx-get="/data"
        hx-on:htmx:before-request="console.log('Starting...')"
        hx-on:htmx:after-swap="console.log('Done!')">
  Load
</button>

Using JavaScript:

document.body.addEventListener('htmx:configRequest', function(evt) {
  evt.detail.headers['X-Custom-Header'] = 'value';
});

Security Best Practices

1. Escape All User Content: Prevent XSS through server-side template escaping
2. Use hx-disable: Prevent htmx processing on untrusted content
3. Restrict Request Origins:

   htmx.config.selfRequestsOnly = true;
   

4. Disable Script Processing:

   htmx.config.allowScriptTags = false;
   

5. Include CSRF Tokens:

   <body hx-headers='{"X-CSRF-Token": "{{ csrf_token }}"}'>
   

6. Content Security Policy: Layer browser-level protections

Configuration

Key htmx.config options:

htmx.config.defaultSwapStyle = 'innerHTML';
htmx.config.timeout = 0; // Request timeout (0 = none)
htmx.config.historyCacheSize = 10;
htmx.config.globalViewTransitions = false;
htmx.config.scrollBehavior = 'instant'; // or 'smooth', 'auto'
htmx.config.selfRequestsOnly = false;
htmx.config.allowScriptTags = true;
htmx.config.allowEval = true;

Or via meta tag:

<meta name="htmx-config" content='{"selfRequestsOnly":true}'>

Extensions

Loading Extensions

<script src="https://unpkg.com/htmx-ext-<name>@<version>/<name>.js"></script>
<body hx-ext="extension-name">

Common Extensions

• head-support: Merge head tag information across requests
• idiomorph: Morphing swaps (preserves element state)
• sse: Server-Sent Events support
• ws: WebSocket support
• preload: Content preloading
• response-targets: HTTP status-based targeting

Debugging

Enable logging:

htmx.logAll();

Check request headers in Network tab:

• HX-Request: true
• HX-Target: <target-id>
• HX-Trigger: <trigger-id>
• HX-Current-URL: <page-url>

Progressive Enhancement

Structure for graceful degradation:

<form action="/search" method="POST">
  <input name="q"
         hx-get="/search"
         hx-trigger="keyup changed delay:300ms"
         hx-target="#results">
  <button type="submit">Search</button>
</form>
<div id="results"></div>

Non-JavaScript users get form submission; JavaScript users get AJAX.

Third-Party Integration

Initialize libraries on htmx-loaded content:

htmx.onLoad(function(content) {
  content.querySelectorAll('.datepicker').forEach(el => {
    new Datepicker(el);
  });
});

For programmatically added htmx content:

htmx.process(document.getElementById('new-content'));

Common Gotchas

1. ID Stability: Keep element IDs stable for CSS transitions
2. Swap Timing: Default 0ms swap delay; use swap:100ms for transitions
3. Event Bubbling: htmx events bubble; use event.detail for data
4. Form Data: Only named inputs are included in requests
5. History: History snapshots store innerHTML, not full DOM state

Development Environment Requirements

htmx Requires HTTP (Not file://)

htmx will NOT work when opening HTML files directly from the filesystem (file:// URLs). This causes htmx:invalidPath errors because:

• Browsers block cross-origin requests from file:// URLs
• htmx needs to make HTTP requests to endpoints

Solution: Always serve htmx applications via HTTP server:

# Simple Python server (recommended for development)
python3 -m http.server 8000

# Or create a custom server with API endpoints
python3 server.py

Minimal Development Server Pattern

For htmx examples and prototypes, create a simple Python server that:

1. Serves static files (HTML, CSS, JS)
2. Provides API endpoints that return HTML fragments

from http.server import HTTPServer, SimpleHTTPRequestHandler
from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs

class HtmxHandler(SimpleHTTPRequestHandler):
    def do_GET(self):
        path = urlparse(self.path).path

        if path.startswith("/api/"):
            # Return HTML fragment
            self.send_response(200)
            self.send_header("Content-Type", "text/html")
            self.end_headers()
            self.wfile.write(b"<div>Response HTML</div>")
        else:
            # Serve static files
            super().do_GET()

HTTPServer(("", 8000), HtmxHandler).serve_forever()

Practical Implementation Lessons

Loading Indicators with CSS Spinner

Use CSS-only spinners instead of image files for better performance:

<button hx-get="/api/slow"
        hx-indicator="#spinner">
    Load
    <span id="spinner" class="spinner htmx-indicator"></span>
</button>

<style>
.htmx-indicator { display: none; }
.htmx-request .htmx-indicator { display: inline-block; }

.spinner {
    width: 20px;
    height: 20px;
    border: 2px solid #f3f3f3;
    border-top: 2px solid #3d72d7;
    border-radius: 50%;
    animation: spin 1s linear infinite;
}
@keyframes spin {
    0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }
    100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }
}
</style>

Input Search with Proper Trigger

Use input changed instead of keyup changed for better UX (catches paste, autofill):

<input type="search"
       name="q"
       hx-get="/api/search"
       hx-trigger="input changed delay:300ms, search"
       hx-target="#results">

The search trigger handles the search input's clear button (X).

Self-Targeting with Polling

For elements that replace themselves (polling), use hx-target="this":

<div hx-get="/api/time"
     hx-trigger="load, every 2s"
     hx-target="this"
     hx-swap="innerHTML">
    Loading...
</div>

Row Updates with closest

For list items where each row has its own update button:

<li id="item-1">
    <span>Item 1</span>
    <button hx-get="/api/update-item/1"
            hx-target="closest li"
            hx-swap="outerHTML">
        Update
    </button>
</li>

Server returns complete <li> element with new htmx attributes intact.

Event Attribute Syntax

The hx-on:: syntax uses double colons for htmx events:

<!-- Correct -->
<button hx-on::before-request="console.log('starting')">

<!-- Also correct (older syntax) -->
<button hx-on:htmx:before-request="console.log('starting')">

Combining Multiple Triggers

Separate triggers with commas:

<div hx-get="/api/data"
     hx-trigger="load, every 5s, click from:#refresh-btn">

Form POST with Loading State

Combine hx-indicator and hx-disabled-elt for complete UX:

<form hx-post="/api/submit"
      hx-target="#result"
      hx-indicator="#spinner"
      hx-disabled-elt="find button">
    <input name="email" required>
    <button type="submit">
        Submit
        <span id="spinner" class="spinner htmx-indicator"></span>
    </button>
</form>

Additional Resources

For detailed reference, consult:

• Official docs: https://htmx.org/docs/
• Attributes reference: https://htmx.org/reference/
• Examples: https://htmx.org/examples/